History of linus pauling

In Lewis published a paper entitled The Atom and the Moleculewhich Pauling read when he was Moreover, a chemical bond will be stable if, as in noble gasses, after its formation each atom has eight electrons in its outer shell, a term Lewis learned from the atomic model of the Danish physicist, Niels Bohr, which was published a few years earlier. After completing his Ph.

One of the foundations of quantum mechanics is the uncertainty principle, according to which a particle, such as an electron, can, with different probabilities, be found at the same time in several different places. Pauling elucidated the nature of bonds between atoms. Illustration of the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water molecules Source: Science Photo Library.

Pauling realized, like others before him, that quantum mechanics is the key to understanding the chemical bond but also that its application to molecules is complicated. In this series of papers, Pauling managed to eloquently simplify quantum mechanics with respect to its mathematical complexity and to derive rules that could be relatively easily applied to molecules.

However, in some cases, such as in the benzene molecule, experiments have shown that the bond between two atoms is somewhere between a single and a double bond. After publishing the series of papers on the chemical bond, Pauling became interested in biochemistry and in the complex structures of DNA and proteins. In he began to study the magnetic properties of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for oxygen transport from the lungs to the rest of the body, and also worked on the properties of antibodies in the immune system.

During World War II, Pauling offered his services as a research consultant to the war effort, and made his laboratory available to the government. As part of these efforts, he developed, among other things, a device to measure oxygen concentration in the air, which was intended for military use in airplanes and submarines. Later on, the device was refitted for medical use, among other things, to monitor oxygen concentrations in NICU incubators.

His family relocated several times as his father struggled to make ends meet. Linus attended high school in Condon and Portland, Oregon. He was an introverted but inquisitive child. He first expressed his interest in the field of science by collecting insects and rock minerals. Pauling was introduced to chemistry by Lloyd Jeffress, a classmate who became a lifetime friend.

Linus excelled in the language arts as well, including public speaking. After finishing high school, his mother wanted him to work as a machinist, but he was determined to become a chemist. He enrolled in Oregon State University in and earned a B. After taking analytical chemistry in the university, the school allowed him to teach the course.

His students loved him, particularly a young woman named Ava Helen Miller, who later became his wife. During the history of linus pauling months, Pauling worked for the Oregon transportation section testing paving materials. He attended Oregon Agricultural College and graduated in with a degree in chemical engineering. He then went to the California Institute of Technology, where he received his PhD in physical chemistry and mathematical physics in Two years later, he accepted a position at Caltech as an assistant professor in theoretical chemistry.

InProfessor Pauling published a landmark paper, detailing his theory of orbital hybridization and analyzed the tetravalency of carbon. That year, he also established the concept of electronegativity and developed a scale that would help predict the nature of chemical bonding. Encyclopedia of World Biography.

History of linus pauling: Linus Carl Pauling FRS was

Thomson Gale. Evening Star. The Pauling Blog. Marinacci, Barbara ed. Linus Pauling: in his own words : selected writings, speeches, and interviews. Retrieved — via Internet Archive. Linus Pauling Institute. The Oregonian. Archived PDF from the original on Realism and anti-realism in the philosophy of science. Beijing International Conference Dordrecht : Springer.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Written at Denver. Oral history interview with Linus C. Interviewed by Sturchio, Jeffrey L. Philadelphia : Science History Institute. Journal of the American Chemical Society. Bibcode : JAChS. The nature of the chemical bond and the structure of molecules and crystals; an introduction to modern structural chemistry 3rd ed.

The transition from one extreme bond type to another". Robert Oppenheimer : a life inside the center First Anchor Books ed. Anchor Books. In our own image: personal symmetry in discovery. New York City: Springer Nature. LCCN The Independent. A passion for DNA: genes, genomes, and society ed. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Google Scholar. General ideas on bonds".

The molecular vision of life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the rise of the new biology. New York [u. Pathways to modern chemical physics. Heidelberg [Germany]: Springer. Brilliant blunders: from Darwin to Einstein: colossal mistakes by great scientists that changed our understanding of life and the universe. Bibcode : PNAS PMC Los Angeles Times.

Biochemistry 2nd ed. San Diego: Harcourt, Academic Pr. Atlas of immunology 3rd ed. The engineer in the garden: Genes and genetics: from the idea of heredity to the creation of life 1st American ed. New York: Hill and Wang. Bibcode : Sci Journal of Biological Chemistry. American Journal of Medical Genetics. CiteSeerX Pauling's supporters and detractors join in calling the two-time Nobel winner one of the most significant figures of this century".

Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers. Journal of the History of Biology. JSTOR Revue Roumain de Physique. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: — 9. Robinson Canadian Journal of Physics. Pauling, Ph. Biography and Interview". American Academy of Achievement. Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement.

The molecular vision of life : Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the rise of the new biology. New York: Oxford University Press. Arnold O. Beckman : one hundred years of excellence. Philadelphia, Pa. Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology. Molecularizing biology and medicine new practices and alliances, s—s. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.

Linus Pauling Awards Honors and Medals. United States National Library of Medicine. The New York Times. ACS Chemistry for Life. Stamp Gallery. VIII, Nr. Bonn-Bad Godesberg: Inter Nationes.

History of linus pauling: Linus Carl Pauling was born in

Disrupting science : social movements, American scientists, and the politics of the military, — Princeton: Princeton University Press. Reclaiming paradise : the global environmental movement 1st Midland ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Science, history and social activism : a tribute to Everett Mendelsohn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Palo Alto Times. October 10, ". June 20, ". Chemical Society Reviews. Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal. Nat'l Review, Inc". Oregon State University Libraries. Research History. International League of Humanists for peace and tolerance. International League of Humanists. International Academy of Science, Munich. Handbook of Intelligence Studies.

Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Harvard Magazine. It's in the Blood! How to Live Longer and Feel Better 1 ed. New York: Avon Books. Dropsy, dialysis, transplant: a short history of failing kidneys. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Biochemical imbalances in disease a practitioner's handbook. London: Singing Dragon.

Varying the concentrations of substances normally present in the human body may control mental disease". The alternative medicine handbook: the complete reference guide to alternative and complementary therapies. New York: W. BC Cancer Agency. February Pauling Dies at 93; Chemist and Voice for Peace". Your Patient and Cancer. A controlled trial".

The New England Journal of Medicine. A randomized double-blind comparison". Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Bibcode : PNAS. Golem: how to think about medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. How to Live Longer and Feel Better. New York: Freeman. Ralph Pelligra ed. Human Neurological Development : 47— Abram Hoffer. Anticancer Research.

A Systematic Review". The Oncologist. National Institutes of Health. Linus Carl Pauling Jr. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Peter Pauling by Matt McConnell".

History of linus pauling: Linus Carl Pauling was

Visions of Linus Pauling. World Scientific. Crellin Pauling '59". Reed Magazine, Reed College. November American Institute of Physics. I [Pauling] am not, however, militant in my atheism. The great English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac is a militant atheist. I suppose he is interested in arguing about the existence of God. I am not.

It was once quipped that there is no God and Dirac is his prophet. California Museum. Nobel Media AB American social leaders and activists. New York: Facts On File. Acc Chem Res. United Press International. Division of the History of Chemistry. Postage Stamps" PDF. Postal Service Stamp". Oregon State University — University Events. Natural Science.

Corvallis Gazette-Times. Oregon State University Foundation. The Chemical Bond Structure and Dynamics. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Register-Guard, Eugene, Oregon.